Top 100 Salesforce Interview Questions Asked at TCS 2026 | Apex, LWC, SOQL & Scenarios

// Enforce FLS in SOQL List<Account> accs = [SELECT Id, Name, AnnualRevenue FROM Account WITH SECURITY_ENFORCED]; // Throws exception if user doesn't have FLS on any field in SELECT // stripInaccessible - removes inaccessible fields instead of throwing SObjectAccessDecision dec = Security.stripInaccessible(AccessType.READABLE, accs); List<Account> safeAccs = (List<Account>) dec.getRecords();

Deal__Share share = new Deal__Share(); share.ParentId = dealId; share.UserOrGroupId = participantId; share.AccessLevel = 'Read'; share.RowCause = Schema.Deal__Share.RowCause.MeetingParticipant__c; insert share;

// BAD - SOQL inside loop (hits governor limit) trigger Bad on Account (after insert) { for(Account a : Trigger.new) { List<Contact> c = [SELECT Id FROM Contact WHERE AccountId = :a.Id]; } } // GOOD - Bulkified trigger Good on Account (after insert) { Set<Id> accIds = new Set<Id>(); for(Account a : Trigger.new) { accIds.add(a.Id); } Map<Id, List<Contact>> contactMap = new Map<Id, List<Contact>>(); for(Contact c : [SELECT Id, AccountId FROM Contact WHERE AccountId IN :accIds]) { if(!contactMap.containsKey(c.AccountId)) contactMap.put(c.AccountId, new List<Contact>()); contactMap.get(c.AccountId).add(c); } for(Account a : Trigger.new) { List<Contact> contacts = contactMap.get(a.Id); // process contacts safely } }

// TriggerUtil class public class TriggerUtil { public static Boolean hasAccountTriggerRun = false; } // Trigger trigger AccountTrigger on Account (after update) { if(TriggerUtil.hasAccountTriggerRun) return; TriggerUtil.hasAccountTriggerRun = true; List<Account> toUpdate = new List<Account>(); for(Account a : Trigger.new) { toUpdate.add(new Account(Id = a.Id, Description = 'Updated')); } if(!toUpdate.isEmpty()) update toUpdate; // Won't re-fire }

// Trigger - minimal, delegates to handler trigger OpportunityTrigger on Opportunity (before insert, before update, after insert, after update) { OpportunityTriggerHandler handler = new OpportunityTriggerHandler(); if(Trigger.isBefore && Trigger.isInsert) handler.beforeInsert(Trigger.new); if(Trigger.isBefore && Trigger.isUpdate) handler.beforeUpdate(Trigger.new, Trigger.oldMap); if(Trigger.isAfter && Trigger.isInsert) handler.afterInsert(Trigger.new); if(Trigger.isAfter && Trigger.isUpdate) handler.afterUpdate(Trigger.new, Trigger.oldMap); } // Handler - all business logic, easily testable public with sharing class OpportunityTriggerHandler { public void beforeInsert(List<Opportunity> newOpps) { OpportunityService.setDefaults(newOpps); } public void afterInsert(List<Opportunity> newOpps) { OpportunityService.createOnboardingTasks(newOpps); } }

global class AccountCleanupBatch implements Database.Batchable<SObject> { global Database.QueryLocator start(Database.BatchableContext bc) { return Database.getQueryLocator('SELECT Id, Rating FROM Account WHERE Rating = null'); } global void execute(Database.BatchableContext bc, List<Account> scope) { for(Account a : scope) { a.Rating = 'Cold'; } update scope; } global void finish(Database.BatchableContext bc) { // Send completion email } } // Execute: Database.executeBatch(new AccountCleanupBatch(), 200);

@isTest static void testBatch() { List<Account> accs = TestDataFactory.createAccounts(200); insert accs; Test.startTest(); // Reset limits Database.executeBatch(new AccountCleanupBatch(), 200); Test.stopTest(); // Batch runs synchronously RIGHT NOW // NOW assert on batch results Integer updated = [SELECT COUNT() FROM Account WHERE Rating = 'Cold']; System.assertEquals(200, updated, 'All accounts should have Cold rating'); }

public class AccountWrapper { @AuraEnabled public Account account { get; set; } @AuraEnabled public Boolean isSelected { get; set; } @AuraEnabled public Integer opportunityCount { get; set; } public AccountWrapper(Account acc, Integer oppCount) { this.account = acc; this.isSelected = false; this.opportunityCount = oppCount; } }

@isTest public class MockResponse implements HttpCalloutMock { public HTTPResponse respond(HTTPRequest req) { HTTPResponse res = new HTTPResponse(); res.setBody('{"status":"success","id":"12345"}'); res.setStatusCode(200); return res; } } @isTest static void testCallout() { Test.setMock(HttpCalloutMock.class, new MockResponse()); Test.startTest(); String result = ERPService.createOrder('ORD-001'); Test.stopTest(); System.assertEquals('12345', result); }

Database.SaveResult[] results = Database.insert(accounts, false); for(Database.SaveResult sr : results) { if(sr.isSuccess()) { System.debug('Inserted: ' + sr.getId()); } else { for(Database.Error err : sr.getErrors()) { System.debug('Error: ' + err.getMessage()); } } }

public class TaxCalculator { @InvocableMethod(label='Calculate GST' category='Order') public static List<Result> calculateTax(List<Request> requests) { List<Result> results = new List<Result>(); for(Request req : requests) { Result res = new Result(); res.taxAmount = req.orderAmount * 0.18; results.add(res); } return results; } public class Request { @InvocableVariable public Decimal orderAmount; } public class Result { @InvocableVariable public Decimal taxAmount; } }

public class OrderValidationException extends Exception {} public class InsufficientInventoryException extends Exception {} // In service class if(order.Amount__c <= 0) { throw new OrderValidationException('Order amount must be greater than zero'); } // Caller catches specifically try { OrderService.createOrder(order); } catch(InsufficientInventoryException e) { /* show inventory alert */ } catch(OrderValidationException e) { /* show validation error */ }

public class NightlyCleanup implements Schedulable { public void execute(SchedulableContext ctx) { Database.executeBatch(new ExpiredRecordsBatch(), 200); } } // Schedule: every day at 2 AM String cron = '0 0 2 * * ?'; System.schedule('Nightly Cleanup', cron, new NightlyCleanup());

trigger PreventDuplicateAccount on Account (before insert, before update) { // Collect all names being inserted/updated Set<String> names = new Set<String>(); for(Account a : Trigger.new) { if(a.Name != null) names.add(a.Name.toLowerCase()); } // Query existing accounts with same names Map<String, Account> existingMap = new Map<String, Account>(); for(Account a : [SELECT Id, Name FROM Account WHERE Name IN :names]) { existingMap.put(a.Name.toLowerCase(), a); } // Check each incoming account for(Account a : Trigger.new) { String nameLower = a.Name != null ? a.Name.toLowerCase() : ''; if(existingMap.containsKey(nameLower)) { // For updates, exclude the record itself Account existing = existingMap.get(nameLower); if(Trigger.isInsert || existing.Id != a.Id) { a.Name.addError('An Account with this name already exists: ' + a.Name); } } } }

public class AccountController { // cacheable=true: required for @wire, cached client-side @AuraEnabled(cacheable=true) public static List<Account> getAccounts(String industry) { return [SELECT Id, Name, Industry FROM Account WHERE Industry = :industry WITH SECURITY_ENFORCED LIMIT 100]; } // No cacheable: for DML operations (insert/update/delete) @AuraEnabled public static void updateAccount(Id accountId, String name) { Account a = new Account(Id = accountId, Name = name); update a; } }

@RestResource(urlMapping='/orders/*') global class OrderService { @HttpGet global static Order__c getOrder() { String orderId = RestContext.request.requestURI.substringAfterLast('/'); return [SELECT Id, Name, Amount__c FROM Order__c WHERE Id = :orderId]; } @HttpPost global static String createOrder(String productName, Decimal amount) { Order__c o = new Order__c(Name = productName, Amount__c = amount); insert o; return o.Id; } }

// Inheritance + Polymorphism public virtual class BaseTriggerHandler { public virtual void beforeInsert(List<SObject> records) {} public virtual void afterInsert(List<SObject> records) {} } public class AccountHandler extends BaseTriggerHandler { public override void beforeInsert(List<SObject> records) { // Account-specific logic } } // Abstraction — Interface public interface IProcessor { void process(List<SObject> records); } // Database.Batchable IS an interface — Apex framework example

// SOQL - precise, one object List<Account> accs = [SELECT Id, Name FROM Account WHERE Industry = 'Technology']; // SOSL - cross-object text search List<List<SObject>> results = [FIND 'Accenture*' IN ALL FIELDS RETURNING Account(Id, Name), Contact(Id, Name, Email)]; List<Account> accounts = (List<Account>) results[0];

// Child-to-Parent: dot notation List<Contact> contacts = [ SELECT Id, Name, Account.Name, Account.Industry, Account.Owner.Name FROM Contact WHERE Account.Industry = 'Technology' ]; // Parent-to-Child: subquery List<Account> accounts = [ SELECT Id, Name, (SELECT Id, Name, Email FROM Contacts WHERE IsActive__c = true), (SELECT Id, Amount, StageName FROM Opportunities WHERE IsClosed = false) FROM Account WHERE Type = 'Customer' ]; // Custom relationship: replace __c with __r // Order__c → Order__r (child-to-parent) // Order_Line_Items__r (parent-to-child, pluralized)

// VULNERABLE String name = ApexPages.currentPage().getParameters().get('name'); // Attacker: ' OR Name != '' → exposes all accounts! String q = 'SELECT Id FROM Account WHERE Name = \'' + name + '\''; // SAFE - bind variable (best approach) String q = 'SELECT Id FROM Account WHERE Name = :name'; List<Account> accs = Database.query(q); // SAFE - escaped (for dynamic field/object names) String safeName = String.escapeSingleQuotes(name); String q2 = 'SELECT Id FROM Account WHERE Name = \'' + safeName + '\'';

AggregateResult[] results = [ SELECT StageName, COUNT(Id) oppCount, SUM(Amount) totalValue, AVG(Amount) avgDeal, MAX(Amount) biggestDeal FROM Opportunity WHERE CloseDate = THIS_FISCAL_YEAR GROUP BY StageName HAVING SUM(Amount) > 500000 ORDER BY SUM(Amount) DESC ]; for(AggregateResult ar : results) { System.debug('Stage: ' + ar.get('StageName') + ' Count: ' + ar.get('oppCount') + ' Total: ' + ar.get('totalValue')); }

// 5 practical examples // 1. Leads created in last 30 days [SELECT Id FROM Lead WHERE CreatedDate = LAST_N_DAYS:30] // 2. Open opportunities closing this quarter [SELECT Id FROM Opportunity WHERE CloseDate = THIS_FISCAL_QUARTER AND IsClosed = false] // 3. Cases not updated in 7 days [SELECT Id FROM Case WHERE LastModifiedDate < LAST_N_DAYS:7 AND Status != 'Closed'] // 4. Accounts created this month [SELECT Id FROM Account WHERE CreatedDate = THIS_MONTH] // 5. Tasks due in next 5 days [SELECT Id FROM Task WHERE ActivityDate = NEXT_N_DAYS:5]

// Static SOQL - compile-time validated, always safe List<Account> accs = [SELECT Id, Name FROM Account WHERE Industry = :industry]; // Dynamic SOQL - runtime, sanitize carefully String objectName = String.escapeSingleQuotes(userInput); String q = 'SELECT Id, Name FROM ' + objectName + ' LIMIT 100'; List<SObject> records = Database.query(q); // Database.countQuery for dynamic COUNT Integer count = Database.countQuery('SELECT COUNT() FROM ' + objectName);

export default class MyComponent extends LightningElement { isInitialized = false; connectedCallback() { this.loadData(); // Safe — runs once } renderedCallback() { if(this.isInitialized) return; // CRITICAL guard! this.isInitialized = true; // DOM access safe after first render const el = this.template.querySelector('canvas'); if(el) this.initChart(el); } }

import { LightningElement, api, track, wire } from 'lwc'; import getAccounts from '@salesforce/apex/AccountController.getAccounts'; export default class AccountDashboard extends LightningElement { @api recordId; // PUBLIC — parent passes this in HTML @track filters = {}; // REACTIVE — deep mutations tracked @wire(getAccounts, { accId: '$recordId' }) // $ = reactive param wiredAccounts({ data, error }) { if(data) this.accounts = data; if(error) this.error = error.body.message; } }

// Child dispatches event to parent handleClick() { this.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent('selected', { detail: { productId: this.product.Id }, bubbles: true, composed: true // Cross Shadow DOM boundary })); } // Parent HTML listens // <c-child onselected={handleSelected}></c-child> // Parent JS handles handleSelected(event) { const productId = event.detail.productId; this.selectedId = productId; }

import getAccounts from '@salesforce/apex/AccountController.getAccounts'; import saveAccount from '@salesforce/apex/AccountController.saveAccount'; import { refreshApex } from '@salesforce/apex'; // @wire: auto-calls, reactive @wire(getAccounts, { type: 'Customer' }) wiredResult; // Imperative: user-triggered, full control async handleSave() { try { await saveAccount({ data: this.formData }); await refreshApex(this.wiredResult); // Refresh wire after save } catch(error) { this.error = error.body.message; } }

/* Parent CSS — DOES NOT reach child component */ .card { background: red; } /* blocked by Shadow DOM */ /* Pass styling via CSS custom properties */ :host { --card-bg: blue; --card-padding: 16px; } /* Child reads parent's variable */ .card { background: var(--card-bg, white); padding: var(--card-padding, 8px); }

import { NavigationMixin } from 'lightning/navigation'; export default class NavDemo extends NavigationMixin(LightningElement) { viewRecord(recordId) { this[NavigationMixin.Navigate]({ type: 'standard__recordPage', attributes: { recordId: recordId, actionName: 'view' } }); } openExternal() { this[NavigationMixin.Navigate]({ type: 'standard__webPage', attributes: { url: 'https://www.sfinterviewpro.com' } }); } }

// Use getters instead of complex template expressions get hasData() { return this.accounts?.length > 0; } get totalValue() { if(!this.accounts) return '£0'; return '£' + this.accounts.reduce((sum, a) => sum + (a.Amount || 0), 0).toLocaleString(); } get isLoading() { return !this.accounts && !this.error; } // Template: {hasData}, {totalValue}, {isLoading} // Clean, testable, reactive automatically

// WITHOUT Named Credentials - SECURITY RISK req.setEndpoint('https://api.erp.com/orders'); req.setHeader('Authorization', 'Bearer hardcoded_token'); // In GitHub = breach! // WITH Named Credentials - SECURE req.setEndpoint('callout:ERP_Integration/orders'); // No credentials in code. Token refresh handled automatically.

// Root cause: nested loop = O(n²) complexity // BAD: for each account, scan all contacts for(Account a : scope) { for(Contact c : allContacts) { // O(n) per account! if(c.AccountId == a.Id) { /* process */ } } } // FIX: Map = O(1) lookup Map<Id, List<Contact>> contactMap = /* pre-built */; for(Account a : scope) { List<Contact> contacts = contactMap.get(a.Id); // O(1) } // Also: Database.executeBatch(new MyBatch(), 50); // Smaller chunks